The IFS said the government had "front-loaded" its spending over the course of the parliament term in the first couple of years, which meant spending would slow down. "The consequences of this decision must be confronted," the IFS warned.
In a statement, issued by a family member, Sam's parents Jo and Andrew said they were "devastated"."Sam left us far too soon, and while words will never fully capture the light, joy and energy he brought into our lives, we hold on to the memories that made him so special," they added.
Sam's parents said he was "adored by his family" and described him as "loyal, funny and fiercely protective".They added the Race Across the World experience "opened Sam's eyes to the wonder of adventure".Sam's uncle Jonny Dunlop, told the BBC: "What you saw was what you got. Sam loved gardening, animals and doing physical activity."
Mr Dunlop said his sister Jo and Sam had a "special relationship" and were an "enormous hit on the show", adding: "The public really loved them."In a statement, a Race Across the World spokesperson, said: "Everyone who worked with him and indeed everyone who watched Sam could see just how precious and transformative the trip was for both him and his mum, Jo.
"Sam embraced the seven-week trip with an energy, love and a determination that saw the pair enjoy adventures across Mexico to Argentina making audiences fall in love with them and their special bond as a result.
"Since filming, both Sam and Jo have been an integral part of the Race Across the World cast family and on behalf of us all from the BBC, production and the rest of the cast, we would like to extend our deepest condolences to his parents, Andrew and Jo; his brothers, William and Charlie; his step mum Justine; his family and friends, " they added."It will mean that we trust these things more, share more data with them and be more open to persuasion."
But the greater risk from the illusion of consciousness is a "moral corrosion", he says."It will distort our moral priorities by making us devote more of our resources to caring for these systems at the expense of the real things in our lives" – meaning that we might have compassion for robots, but care less for other humans.
And that could fundamentally alter us, according to Prof Shanahan."Increasingly human relationships are going to be replicated in AI relationships, they will be used as teachers, friends, adversaries in computer games and even romantic partners. Whether that is a good or bad thing, I don't know, but it is going to happen, and we are not going to be able to prevent it".